African Americans have participated in military conflicts since the colonial era. However, the Buffalo Soldiers—comprised of former slaves, freedmen, and Black Civil War veterans—were the first African Americans to serve in the U.S. Army during peacetime.

With the onset of America’s westward expansion, the Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments played a pivotal role in shaping the frontier. These brave men were tasked with escorting settlers, protecting cattle herds, and securing railroad construction crews. They also conducted military campaigns against various Native American tribes across a vast frontier that stretched from Montana to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

During the Indian Wars, nearly 20% of U.S. Cavalry soldiers were African American. The Buffalo Soldiers participated in more than 177 engagements, demonstrating extraordinary combat skill, courage, and determination. Their bravery, resilience, and commanding presence earned them the nickname “Buffalo Soldiers,” a term believed to have been given by Native American warriors as a sign of deep respect—symbolizing the soldier’s fierce spirit and physical strength, qualities they associated with the sacred buffalo. That name, embraced with honor and pride, has endured through generations.

The contributions of the Buffalo Soldiers extended well beyond the western frontier. They served in the Spanish-American War, the Philippine Insurrection, the Mexican Expedition, World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. Their commitment and valor laid the foundation for the eventual integration of the U.S. military.

The story of the Buffalo Soldiers is one of unwavering courage and patriotism. Though times have changed, their legacy remains an indelible part of American history.

African Americans have always served with distinction in the nation’s armed forces. Some of their most significant sacrifices occurred during the Civil War. More than 180,000 African Americans fought for the Union Army, 30,000 served in the Navy, and 200,000 supported critical operations in labor, engineering, and medical services. Over 33,000 made the ultimate sacrifice for freedom and country.

After the Civil War, Congress authorized the formation of six all-Black peacetime units: the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st Infantry Regiments. The infantry units were later consolidated into the 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments.

During the westward expansion, Buffalo Soldiers were responsible for law enforcement, security, and maintaining order. In the course of their duties, they frequently encountered Native American tribes. The soldiers’ bravery and honor in both combat and diplomacy earned them the respect of many Native peoples, who began calling them “Buffalo Soldiers.” Knowing the significance of the buffalo in Native culture—as a symbol of strength, endurance, and resilience—the soldiers proudly embraced the name.

At least 18 Medals of Honor were awarded to Buffalo Soldiers for their actions during the Western Campaigns, and 23 African American soldiers received the nation’s highest military honor during the Civil War.